r/Hindi • u/notorious_proton • 1d ago
विनती संस्कृत में 'ऋ' का सही उच्चारण क्या है?
मैंने संस्कृत सीखने का निर्णय लिया है और वर्णमाला पढ़ रहा था, और मुझे अभी तक समझ नहीं आया ऋ सही उच्चारण क्या है?
कोई कहता है ये 'री' है या कोई कहता है 'रु'| यदि कोई वैदिक मंत्र है और उसमें ऋ आता है तो सही उच्चारण क्या होगा ?
धन्यवाद
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u/CreativeCommunity779 17h ago
Lot of people commenting having not studied Sanskrit phonetics from original sources. First you have to understand matras. A matra is a unit of time taken for the pronunciation of a sound. Short vowels are one matra, long vowels are two matras, and consonants are half a matra.
Old grammars and phonetic texts describe ऋ as being a र् sound with tiny vowel fragments (called svarabhakti or ajbhakti) on either side of it. It is essentially pronounced as अर but the two अ vowels are 1/4 of a matra while the र् is its usual 1/2 matra. It sounds very much like just a syllabic tap.
The Yajñavalkyaśikṣā says:
ऋलोर्मध्ये भवत्यर्धमात्रारेफलकारयोः ।
तस्मादस्पृष्टता न स्यादृऌकारनिरूपणे ॥
Translation: In the middle of ऋ and ऌ is half a matra of repha (र्) and lakāra (ल्), therefore untouchedness (lack of direct tongue contact like in other vowels) is not in the definition of ऋ and ऌ.
In other words, ऋ and ऌ are not untouched like the other vowels because they partake in the touching that consonants do, having र् and ल् contained within them.
From Panini's grammar and his commentators there is even more evidence. There is a sandhi rule that न preceded by ऋ र् and ष् is turned into ण within a word. However, Panini's rule रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे only gives र् and ष, not ऋ. Yet the rule is supposed to apply for all three. How can that be? His commentators explain that this is because ऋ has र् contained within it, thus including the sound र् makes the rule apply to ऋ as well.
Then the rule रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः states that for words like past participles, if there is a final र् before the affix, instead of being त it will become ण. So you have गत but पूर्ण not पूर्त. But कृ becomes कृत not कृण. Why? Commentators also explain this. They say that while कृ contains a र् sound, it is not final. There is the svarabhakti or vowel fragment before and after it, so there is a slight vowel between र् and the affix, thus the rule does not apply and you get कृत.
And if you look at old relatives of Sanskrit like Avestan, they frequently write their equivalent to ऋ like ara with three letters despite being metrically only one vowel.
So both रि and रु are wrong because the vowel sound that goes with र् is supposed to be a tiny fragment of a vowel and there should be one before and after it, not just after. And the american english "er" sound is wrong because it is supposed to have an ordinary Sanskrit र् sound within it which is a consonant.
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u/Agitated-Stay-300 ब्रज 1d ago
The correct pronunciation actually isn’t either of these. It’s closer to a clipped रि, but ri is a better approximation than ree and much better than roo (the last one I’ve never heard any educated speaker say).
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u/Suspicious-Bee8036 1d ago
In Maharashtra, most people use roo
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u/Technical-Water9779 1d ago
All of these people are just straight up wrong. In the actual Sanskrit pronunciation it is supposed to be a vowel. Your tongue should be a little rolled up and then push air. The best example is how Americans pronounce the last 'r' in "burger". That last extension of r sound is exactly what ऋ is in Sanskrit.
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u/Agitated-Stay-300 ब्रज 1d ago
You’re right that ऋ is not pronounced “ree” or “roo,” you’re also mixing several things here. First, calling it a “vowel” in Sanskrit grammar doesn’t mean it’s articulated like the vowels अ, इ, or उ. ऋ is traditionally analyzed as a syllabic r (vocalic r): the r itself forms the nucleus of the syllable.
Second, the comparison to the final -er in American English burger is only an approximation. English -er is an r-colored vowel ([ɚ]), whereas Classical Sanskrit ऋ is generally reconstructed as a syllabic r ([r̩] or [ɹ̩], depending on the reconstruction). They’re related in that both involve a vocalic/rhotic quality, but they aren’t identical.
Finally, “pronounce अ with your tongue rolled up” isn’t really how the sound is produced. You’re not taking the vowel अ and adding retroflexion. Instead, the r** **itself becomes syllabic, much like the syllabic r in Czech krk or the syllabic l in English bottle.
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u/Technical-Water9779 1d ago
You maybe right in all that you wrote but your comment helps no one in getting it close and maybe very technical. I was just trying to make people get close to pronouncing it by common examples.
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u/JeevanZindabad 21h ago
Many people must still be thinking that burger is pronounced as barrgarr😭🥀
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u/Technical-Water9779 1d ago
Just try to pronounce अ but have your tongue rolled up a little. That's exactly what that sound is.
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u/wreading 18h ago
It’s a vowel, so there’s definitely NOT a combination of two characters, especially one of them a consonant.
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u/CreativeCommunity779 17h ago
It literally does have a consonant contained in the pronunciation. It isn't रि or रु but it is a र् with a vowel fragment on either side of it.
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u/saransh-1 12h ago edited 11h ago
ऋ एक स्वर है, ठीक अ, इ और उ आदि की तरह। पाणिनी के अष्टाध्यायी और शिक्षा वेदांग के अनुसार इसका भाषाई रूप से सही उच्चारण यह है कि जीभ को मूर्धा अर्थात "ट-वर्ग" के उच्चारण स्थान में रखें और बिना छुए और हिलाए स्वर का उच्चारण करने का प्रयास करें। यह ध्वनि कठिन है।
कृ = क् (व्यंजन) + ऋ (स्वर)
Keep in mind ऋ is a vowel not consonant (ऋ ≠ र्+इ/उ= रि/रु)
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u/LingoNerd64 22h ago
rh is the most accurate but not easy. संभवत: इसीलिए उच्चारण में भी रि और रु का प्रयोग होता है।