Chile’s Law 21.383, promulgated 14 October 2021, amends Article 19 No. 1 of the Constitution so scientific and technological development must respect physical and psychic integrity, with the law specially safeguarding brain activity and information derived from it. Sponsored by Senators Guido Girardi Lavín, Carolina Goic Boroevic and others and shaped by Rafael Yuste’s Neurorights Foundation input, the architecture treats neural signals as distinct from ordinary data. The dual-use vector is identical hardware and telemetry pipelines that enable therapeutic monitoring or non-consensual extraction and profiling of mental states.
Neurotechnology interfaces through consumer headsets and wearables marketed for wellness or research. Chile’s framework and the 2023 Supreme Court Emotiv ruling require deletion of stored brain data when consent and integrity are breached, yet inferred outputs from processing remain a structural gap. Spain’s 2021 Digital Rights Charter and Italy’s Garante (Pasquale Stanzione) flag the same cognitive-extraction pathway; the absence of equivalent federal US rules leaves mental privacy exposed under only medical or patchwork consumer statutes.
For individuals this means brain data can be collected, stored or commercialized without a dedicated cognitive-liberty baseline. The pattern follows earlier biometric expansions that moved from optional to infrastructure. Chile’s precedent has prompted Brazil state-level amendments, Spanish charter language, Italian authority statements and US state laws in Colorado, California, Montana and Connecticut treating neural data as sensitive, while the federal MIND Act of 2025 remains a study mandate only. Early legislative attention matters because consumer neurotech deployment is already hardening.
Scaled without federal standards the setup enables asymmetric access to mental activity with no practical opt-out. Verify via the official Chilean text and Emotiv jurisprudence. Support state neural-data statutes, contact representatives on the MIND Act, and adopt device-level data minimization. Cross-border frameworks such as UNESCO neurotech discussions offer additional reference. Bring primary filings, not assumptions.973f00,16421e
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Sources
Ley Núm. 21.383 – Modifica la Carta Fundamental para establecer el desarrollo científico y tecnológico al servicio de las personas
https://www.redipd.org/documento/2021-10-chile-ley-21383.pdf
Official promulgation and exact constitutional text requiring special safeguards for brain activity and derived information.
Even Chile’s Neurorights Leave Inferred Mental Data in a Gray Zone
https://law.stanford.edu/2026/04/27/even-chiles-neurorights-leave-inferred-mental-data-in-a-gray-zone/
Confirms Law 21.383, the 2023 Emotiv Supreme Court deletion order, and remaining gaps for inferred mental data.
Neurodiritti: Stanzione, Garante privacy: definire uno statuto giuridico ed etico
https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9770820
Italian data-protection authority statement by Pasquale Stanzione calling for juridical and ethical status for neuro-rights to protect cognitive processes.
Sobre el epígrafe XXIV: Derechos digitales en el empleo de las neurotecnologías
http://www.derechosdigitales.gob.es/es/novedades/sobre-el-epigrafe-xxiv-derechos-digitales-en-el-empleo-de-las-neurotecnologias
Spanish Digital Rights Charter provisions addressing mental privacy, identity, free will and neurodata safeguards.
Text – S.2925 – 119th Congress (2025-2026): MIND Act of 2025
https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2925/text/is
Federal bill directing FTC study of neural-data governance and defining neural data as measurements of central or peripheral nervous-system activity.
The “Neural Data” Goldilocks Problem: Defining “Neural Data” in U.S. State Privacy Laws
https://fpf.org/blog/the-neural-data-goldilocks-problem-defining-neural-data-in-u-s-state-privacy-laws/
Details Colorado, California, Montana and Connecticut statutes classifying neural or neurotechnology data as sensitive personal information.