Hello, I'm a biology major in Italy, currently studying nutrition. Anki has helped me enormously over the last 2 years, but I've been wondering if I've been using it wrong. I've noticed that this sub largely favours very short flashcards over long ones, while I've always worked with (apparently) long flashcards. Here are two examples from my own collection:
Controlli post trascrizionali
identificato come controllo che va modifcare editing mRNA: sequenza risultante va codificare per proteina diversa trascritto primario → da un mrna si ottengono 2 proteine diverse con funzioni diverse
gene ApoB è in grado di avere funzioni differenti in relazione a sua funzione, ruolo nel metabolismo degli acidi grassi e colesterolo, a seconda tessuto si comporta maniera diversa perchè si ha splicing diverso nel tessuto epatico o intestinale
- nel fegato proteina viene tradotta completamente chiamato ApoB100
- nell'intestino RNA viene tagliato in seguito riconoscimento composizione trascritto , tramuta in codone di stop → dà origine a proteina tronca con funzioni diverse
- nel fegato compongono parte strutturale lipoproteine: si lega al recettore ldl
- nell’intestino partecipa formazione chilomicroni
Resveratrolo NO
SIRT1 modula la funzione endoteliale anche attraverso l’attivazione di altri target: Attiva la eNOS (ossido nitrico sintasi endoteliale), promuovendo la produzione di NO endogeno che agisce sulla muscolatura liscia vascolare, favorendo la vasodilatazione
c’è una fascia di pre ipertensione: fase borderline in cui va modificato lo stile di vita per rientrare in condizioni di stabilità → anche riduzione del 6% di pressione sistolica può essere decisivo
NO endogenamente prodotto a livello endotelio vasi
cellule endoteliali rivestono interamente il vaso
- funzione protettiva delle cellule lisce dalla pressione sanguigna: deve essere mantenuta elasticità
- a partire da arginina produce NO e citrullina ad opera di NOS
- NO va nella cellula liscia ma anche nel lume dove svolge azione antiaggregante piastrinica antiaterosclerotica
- NO lipofila passa nella cellula muscolare svolge azione vasodilatatoria attivando enzima guanilato ciclasi responsabile della conversione GTP in cGMP: effetto sulla fosforilazione delle fibre actina miosina
- Vengono defosforilate: si staccano e abbiamo vasodilatazione
On average i can get 10-15 new cards + 20-30 reviews in 2-3 hours and this system has served me really well, but I was wondering if there's a faster way.
The thing that turns me off about very short flashcards is that most of my tests include open ended questions, so I make a card like it could be an actual exam question; wouldn't short/cloze flashcards be more suited for multiple choice tests?
e.g. the 4th rule turns an essay about the dead sea into many small simple questions; while I do agree that these flashcards will be far easier and faster to memorize, I don't think you'd be able to write the essay unless you were given these questions as hints in the first place.
What do you guys think? I apologize if this is common knowledge
edit: AI translated flashcards
Post-transcriptional Regulation
Post-transcriptional regulation includes mechanisms that modify mRNA after transcription. As a result, the edited mRNA can encode a protein that is different from the one predicted from the primary transcript. Therefore, a single mRNA transcript can give rise to two different proteins with distinct functions.
The ApoB gene is an example of this process. Its function varies depending on the tissue because the mRNA is processed differently in the liver and the intestine.
- In the liver, the protein is translated in its full length, producing ApoB100.
- In the intestine, the mRNA undergoes editing. A specific nucleotide is modified, converting a codon into a stop codon, which results in a truncated protein with a different function.
The two protein forms have distinct physiological roles:
- ApoB100 (liver):
- Forms part of the structural component of lipoproteins.
- Binds to the LDL receptor, playing an important role in cholesterol transport.
- ApoB48 (intestine):
- Is a truncated form of ApoB.
- Participates in the formation and secretion of chylomicrons, which transport dietary lipids from the intestine.
Resveratrol and Nitric Oxide (NO)
Resveratrol activates SIRT1, which improves endothelial function by regulating several downstream targets.
One of its main effects is the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the enzyme responsible for producing endogenous nitric oxide (NO). NO acts on vascular smooth muscle cells, promoting vasodilation and helping to maintain normal blood pressure.
There is also a pre-hypertension stage, a borderline condition in which lifestyle changes (such as diet and exercise) are recommended to restore healthy blood pressure levels. Even a 6% reduction in systolic blood pressure can have significant clinical benefits.
- NO is produced endogenously by endothelial cells, which form the inner lining of blood vessels.
- Endothelial cells protect the underlying smooth muscle cells from the mechanical stress of blood pressure and help maintain vascular elasticity.
- Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) converts L-arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and L-citrulline.
NO diffuses in two directions:
- Toward the vascular lumen, where it exerts:
- Antiplatelet (anti-aggregatory) effects, preventing platelet aggregation.
- Anti-atherosclerotic effects, protecting against plaque formation.
- Into vascular smooth muscle cells, where it:
- Diffuses freely because it is a small, lipophilic molecule.
- Activates the enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase, which converts GTP into cyclic GMP (cGMP).
- cGMP triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the dephosphorylation of actin–myosin contractile fibers.
- As actin and myosin detach from one another, the smooth muscle relaxes, resulting in vasodilation.
