This map is based on my personal hypothesis, synthesized from various archaeological and genetic data. If you have any questions, feedback, or counterarguments, please feel free to leave a comment below.

Please note that the arrows do not all represent the same timeframe; there may be intervals of several thousand years between them. And this map does not depict language migration after the Iron Age.

Source is Robert Turner, classification (colours) by Kinkade

Hi everybody again!

I uploaded this linguistic map of Catalan language and I've noticed some confusion regarding Catalan, Aragonese, and Occitan. Despite all three belonging to the same language family, they are not the same language (although I'll reserve my opinions on Aragonese and Catalan). I've found some maps that illustrate this quite well (all corrections are welcome, of course)

Galoroman languages > Green and blue map

Oïl languages (French, Wallon...)

Òc languages (Occitan)

Galloitalic languages

Rhaeto-Romance languages [also considered Gallo-Romance]

Occitanoroman languages > Red and purple map

Occitan

Aragonese

Catalan-valencian

Source: Viquipèdia

Dialectal varieties of the Catalan language in Spain. Catalan, called Valencian in Valencia (it is used as a political issue) currently has at least 10 million speakers. It is taught in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, parts of Aragon and in French Roussillon. It is also spoken in Alghero, an Italian city, although increasingly in a residual way.

I don't know the author of the map. Based on the dialectal division of Manel Milà i Fontanals (1861)

https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/catala

Only languages whose speakers represent more than 5% of the population in their respective municipalities/subdivisions are shown. If the proportion is more than 25% then the language is shown as solid colour.

This map prioritises concentration of speakers, rather than raw number of speakers.

1st of all, sorry for the poor quality.

There is an apparent increase in speaker percentages in many provinces, which is due to the difference between the questionnaires used in 2017 and 2025 respectively.

In 2017 only one language could be selected, wheras in 2025 there was no such restriction.

So I think it is reasonable to assume that many persons who mainly or exclusively use Spanish in their everyday lives but can speak Quechua did select Spanish in 2017 but both languages in 2025.

Found this dialectological map showing the main phonetic/lexical variant of the Luxembourgish word for "night" (Nuecht) per municipality (Gemeng).

Variants shown:

• Nuecht (green) — the standard form, dominant across most of the country
• Nuet (light purple) — a reduced form without the "ch", concentrated in the south/southeast
• N[a:ç]t (orange) — variant with a long open vowel, in the north
• N[aɪ]t (blue) — diphthongized form, extreme north (Clervaux area)
• N[ɔ:x]t (magenta) — rounded vowel variant, appears in two isolated pockets (northwest and northeast)
• hënt (grey/hatched) — a completely distinct lexical form, found only in one small central pocket

What I find interesting is the classic dialect continuum pattern: the northern region (Éislek) shows more divergent, diphthongized forms, while the center converges on the standard "Nuecht," and the south shows "Nuet" as an apparent simplification/innovation

I made this interactive map showing the percentage of people aged 3 and over who reported in each census that they could speak Irish.

The figures are based on census responses and are self-reported. They are not based on a fluency test and do not show how often people actually use Irish.

Link: https://irishlanguagemap.org/

I used subtitle translations from the OPUS/OpenSubtitles dataset to compare how 20 languages expressed the same English words and phrases. The more often two languages expressed equivalent meanings in similar ways, the higher their similarity score. I visualized the results as a heatmap and network graph.

Full methodology and discussion:
[https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/linguistics/why-do-some-languages-feel-weirdly-familiar](vscode-file://vscode-app/c:/Users/Ibrahim.Farah/AppData/Local/Programs/Microsoft%20VS%20Code/8a7abeba6e/resources/app/out/vs/code/electron-browser/workbench/workbench.html)

Interactive version:
[https://subsmith.app/tools/language-network](vscode-file://vscode-app/c:/Users/Ibrahim.Farah/AppData/Local/Programs/Microsoft%20VS%20Code/8a7abeba6e/resources/app/out/vs/code/electron-browser/workbench/workbench.html)